"Upheaval in the European Skies - Low Cost Carriers in Europe" is ECA's second study of the LCC phenomenon in Europe.

This is an in-depth follow-up to ECA's first study (in 2002) and looks into the growing impact of LCCs on European Aviation, and how other types of carriers have reacted. It shows that the emergence and continued growth of LCCs have triggered the airline business models to migrate into each other, with most types of airlines competing in the low fare market.

While LCC growth rates will continue to be impressive, they are expected to level off and consolidation as well as mergers will be seen over the coming years.